Camera Based Sensing in Handheld, Mobile, Gaming, or Other Devices

ABSTRACT

Method and apparatus are disclosed to enable rapid TV camera and computer based sensing in many practical applications, including, but not limited to, handheld devices, cars, and video games. Several unique forms of social video games are disclosed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/980,710filed Oct. 31, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,756,297; which is acontinuation of application Ser. No. 10/893,534 filed Jul. 19, 2004, nowU.S. Pat. No. 7,401,783; which is a continuation of application Ser. No.09/612,225 filed Jul. 7, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,766,036; which claimsthe benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/142,777, filed Jul.8, 1999.

Cross references to related co-pending US applications by the inventorhaving similar subject matter.

-   -   1. Touch TV and other Man Machine Interfaces: Ser. No.        09/435,854 filed Nov. 8, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,098,891;        which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/946,908, now        U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,352;    -   2. More Useful Man Machine Interfaces and Applications: Ser. No.        09/433,297 filed Nov. 3, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,750,848;    -   3. Useful Man Machine interfaces and applications: Ser. No.        09/138,339, Pub. Appln. 2002-0036617, now abandoned;    -   4. Vision Target based assembly: Ser. No. 08/469,907 filed Jun.        6, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,783;    -   5. Picture Taking method and apparatus: provisional application        60/133,671, and regular application Ser. No. 09/568,552 filed        May 11, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,015,950;    -   6. Methods and Apparatus for Man Machine Interfaces and Related        Activity: Provisional Application: provisional application        60/133,673 filed May 11, 1999; and regular application Ser. No.        09/568,554 filed May 11, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,670;    -   7. Tactile Touch Screens for Automobile Dashboards, Interiors        and Other Applications: provisional application Ser. No.        60/183,807; and regular application Ser. No. 09/789,538, now        U.S. Pat. No. 7,084,859; and    -   8. Apparel Manufacture and Distance Fashion Shopping in Both        Present and Future: provisional application 60/187,397 filed        Mar. 7, 2000.

The disclosures of the following U.S. patents and co-pending patentapplications by the inventor, or the inventor and his colleagues, areincorporated herein by reference:

-   -   1. “Man machine Interfaces”: U.S. application Ser. No.        09/435,854 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,352, and U.S. application        Ser. No. 08/290,516, filed Aug. 15, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No.        6,008,000, the disclosure of both of which is contained in that        of Ser. No. 09/435,854;    -   2. “Useful Man Machine Interfaces and Applications”: U.S.        application Ser. No. 09/138,339, now Pub. Appln. 2002-0036617;    -   3. “More Useful Man Machine Interfaces and Applications”: U.S.        application Ser. No. 09/433,297;    -   4. “Methods and Apparatus for Man Machine Interfaces and Related        Activity”: U.S. Appln. Ser. No. 60/133,673 filed as regular        application Ser. No. 09/568,554, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,670;    -   5. “Tactile Touch Screens for Automobile Dashboards, Interiors        and Other Applications”: U.S. provisional Appln. Ser. No.        60/183,807, filed Feb. 22, 2000, now filed as reg. application        Ser. No. 09/789,538; and    -   6. “Apparel Manufacture and Distance Fashion Shopping in Both        Present and Future”: U.S. Appln. Ser. No. 60/187,397, filed Mar.        7, 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to simple input devices for computers,particularly, but not necessarily, intended for use with 3-D graphicallyintensive activities, and operating by optically sensing a human inputto a display screen or other object and/or the sensing of humanpositions or orientations. The invention herein is a continuation inpart of several inventions of mine, listed above.

This continuation application seeks to provide further usefulembodiments for improving the sensing of objects. Also disclosed are newapplications in a variety of fields such as computing, gaming, medicine,and education. Further disclosed are improved systems for display andcontrol purposes.

The invention uses single or multiple TV cameras whose output isanalyzed and used as input to a computer, such as a home PC, totypically provide data concerning the location of parts of, or objectsheld by, a person or persons.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

The above mentioned co-pending applications incorporated by referencediscuss many prior art references in various pertinent fields, whichform a background for this invention. Some more specific U.S. Patentreferences are for example:

DeMenthon—U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,388,059; 5,297,061; 5,227,985

Cipolla—U.S. Pat. No. 5,581,276

Pugh—U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,676

Pinckney—U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,847

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates a basic computer terminal embodiment of theinvention, similar to that disclosed in copending applications.

FIG. 2 illustrates object tracking embodiments of the inventionemploying a pixel addressable camera.

FIG. 3 illustrates tracking embodiments of the invention using intensityvariation to identify and/or track object target datums.

FIG. 4 illustrates tracking embodiments of the invention using variationin color to identify and/or track object target datums.

FIG. 5 illustrates special camera designs for determining targetposition in addition to providing normal color images.

FIG. 6 identification and tracking with stereo pairs.

FIG. 7 illustrates use of an indicator or co-target.

FIG. 8 illustrates control of functions with the invention, using ahandheld device which itself has functions.

FIG. 9 illustrates pointing at an object represented on a screen using afinger or laser pointer, and then manipulating the represented objectusing the invention.

FIG. 10 illustrates control of automobile or other functions with theinvention, using detected knob, switch or slider positions.

FIG. 11 illustrates a board game embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates a generic game embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 illustrates a game embodiment of the invention, such as might beplayed in a bar.

FIG. 14 illustrates a laser pointer or other spot designator embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 15 illustrates a gesture based flirting game embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a version of the pixel addressing camera techniquewherein two lines on either side of a 1000 element square array aredesignated as perimeter fence lines to initiate tracking or otheraction.

FIG. 17 illustrates a 3-D acoustic imaging embodiment of the invention.

THE INVENTION EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1

The invention herein and disclosed in portions of other copendingapplications noted above, comprehends a combination of one or more TVcameras (or other suitable electro-optical sensors) and a computer toprovide various position and orientation related functions of use. Italso comprehends the combination of these functions with the basic taskof generating, storing and/or transmitting a TV image of the sceneacquired—either in two or three dimensions.

The embodiment depicted in FIG. 1A illustrates the basic embodiments ofmany of my co-pending applications above. A stereo pair of cameras 100and 101 located on each side of the upper surface of monitor 102 (forexample a rear projection TV of 60 inch diagonal screen size) withdisplay screen 103 facing the user, are connected to PC computer 106(integrated in this case into the monitor housing), for example a 400Mhz Pentium II. For appearances and protection a single extensive coverwindow may be used to cover both cameras and their associated lightsources 110 and 111, typically LEDs.

The LEDs in this application are typically used to illuminate targetsassociated with any of the fingers, hand, feet and head of the user, orobjects such as 131 held by a user, 135 with hands 136 and 137, and head138. These targets, such as circular target 140 and band target 141 onobject 131 are desirably, but not necessarily, retro-reflective, and maybe constituted by the object features themselves (e.g., a finger tip,such as 145), or by features provided on clothing worn by the user(e.g., a shirt button 147 or polka dot 148, or by artificial targetsother than retroreflectors.

Alternatively, a three camera arrangement can be used, for example usingadditional camera 144, to provide added sensitivity in certain angularand positional relationships. Still more cameras can be used to furtherimprove matters, as desired. Alternatively, and or in addition, camera144 can be used for other purposes, such as acquire images of objectssuch as persons, for transmission, storage or retrieval independent ofthe cameras used for datum and feature location determination.

For many applications, a single camera can suffice for measurementpurposes as well, such as 160 shown in FIG. 1B for example, used forsimple 2 dimensional (2D) measurements in the xy plane perpendicular tothe camera axis (z axis), or 3D (xyz, roll pitch yaw) where a targetgrouping, for example of three targets is used such as the naturalfeatures formed by the two eyes 164, 165 and nose 166 of a human 167.These features are roughly at known distances from each other, the datafrom which can be used to calculate the approximate position andorientation of the human face. Using for example the photogrammetrictechnique of Pinkney described below, the full 6 degree of freedomsolution of the human face location and orientation can be achieved toan accuracy limited by the ability of the camera image processingsoftware utilized to determine the centroids or other delineatinggeometric indicators of the position of the eyes and nose, (or someother facial feature such as the mouth), and the accuracy of the initialimputing of the spacing of the eyes and their respective spacing to thenose. Clearly if a standard human value is used (say for adult, or for achild or even by age) some lessening of precision results, since thesespacings are used in the calculation of distance and orientation of theface of human 167 from the camera 160.

In another generally more photogrammetrically accurate case, one mightchoose to use four special targets (e.g., glass bead retro-reflectors,or orange dots) 180-183 on the object 185 having known positionalrelationships relative to each other on the object surface, such as oneinch centers. This is shown in FIG. 1C, and may be used in conjunctionwith a pixel addressable camera such as described in FIG. 2 below, whichallows one to rapidly determine the object position and orientation andtrack its movements in up to 6 degrees of freedom as disclosed byPinkney U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,847 and technical papers referenced therein.For example, the system described above for FIGS. 1 and 2 involving thephotogrammetric resolution of the relative position of three or moreknown target points as viewed by a camera is known and is described in apaper entitled “A Single Camera Method for the 6-Degree of FreedomSprung Mass Response of Vehicles Redirected by Cable Barriers” presentedby M. C. van Wijk and H. F. L. Pinkney to The Society of Photo-opticalInstrumentation Engineers.

The stereo pair of cameras can also acquire a two view stereo image ofthe scene as well, which can be displayed in 3D using stereoscopic orauto-stereoscopic means, as well as transmitted or recorded as desired.

In many applications of the foregoing invention it is desirable not justto use a large screen but in fact one capable of displaying life sizeimages. This particularly relates to human scaled images, giving alife-like presence to the data on the screen. In this way the naturalresponse of the user with motions of hands, head, arms, etc., is scaledin “real” proportion to the data being presented.

FIG. 2

This embodiment and others discloses special types of cameras usefulwith the invention. In the first case, that of FIG. 2A, a pixeladdressable camera such as the MAPP2200 made by IVP corporation ofSweden is used, which allows one to do many things useful for rapidlydetermining location of objects, their orientation and their motion.

For example, as shown in FIG. 2A, an approximately circular image 201 ofa target datum such as 180 on object 185 of FIG. 1C may be acquired byscanning the pixel elements on a matrix array 205 on which the image isformed. Such an array in the future will have for example 1000×1000pixels, or more (today the largest IVP makes is 512×512. The IVP also isnot believed to be completely randomly addressable, which some futurearrays will be).

As an illustration, computer 220 determines, after the array 205 hasbeen interrogated, that the centroid “x, y” of the pixel elements onwhich the target image lies is at pixel x=500, y=300 (including asub-fraction thereof in many cases). The centroid location can bedetermined for example by the moment method disclosed in the Pinkneypatent, referenced above.

The target in this case is defined as a contrasting point on the object,and such contrast can be in color as well as, or instead of, intensity.Or with some added preprocessing, it can be a distinctive pattern on theobject, such as a checkerboard or herringbone.

Subsequent Tracking

To subsequently track the movement of this target image, it is now onlynecessary to look in a small pixel window composed of a small number ofpixels around the target. For example the square 230 shown, as the newposition x′y′ of the target image cannot be further distant within ashort period of time elapsed from the first scan, and in considerationof the small required time to scan the window.

For example, if the window is 100×100 pixels, this can be scanned in 1millisecond or less with such a pixel addressing camera, byinterrogating only those pixels in the window, while still communicatingwith the camera over a relatively slow USB serial link of 12 mbtransmission rate (representing 12,000 pixel gray level values in onemillisecond).

One thus avoids the necessity to scan the whole field, once the startingtarget image position is identified. This can be known by an initialscan as mentioned, or can be known by having the user move an objectwith a target against a known location with respect to the camera suchas a mechanical stop, and then indicate that tracking should starteither by verbally saying so with voice recognition, or by actuating acontrol key such as 238 or whatever.

It is noted that if the tracking window is made large enough, then itcan encompass a whole group of datums, such as 180-183 on an object.

FIG. 2B Reduction in Acquisition Time

Another application of such a pixel addressing camera is shown in FIG.2B. One can look at the whole field, x y of the camera, 240, but onlyaddress say every 10^(th) pixel such as 250, 251 and 252, in eachdirection, i.e., for a total 10,000 pixels in a field of 1 million(1000×1000, say).

In this case computer 220 simply queries this fraction of the pixels inthe image, knowing apriori that the target image such as 260 will havean image size larger than 10×10 pixels, and must be detectable, if ofsufficient contrast, by one of the queried pixels. (For smaller orlarger target images, the number and spacing of queried pixels can beadjusted accordingly). This for example, allows one to find approximatelocation of targets with only 1/100 the pixel interrogation timeotherwise needed, for example, plus any gain obtained as disclosedabove, by knowing in what region of the image to look (for exampleduring tracking, or given some apriori knowledge of approximate locationdue to a particular aspect of the physical arrangement or the program inquestion).

Once a target has been approximately found as just described, theaddressing can be optimized for that region of the image only, asdisclosed in subsequent tracking section above.

Given the invention, the potential for target acquisition in amillisecond or two thus is achievable with simple pixel addressable CMOScameras coming on stream now (today costing under $50), assuming thetarget points are easily identifiable from at least one of brightness(over a value), contrast (with respect to surroundings), color, colorcontrast, and more difficult, shape or pattern (e.g., a plaid, orherringbone portion of a shirt). This has major ramifications for therobustness of control systems built on such camera based acquisition, bethey for controlling displays, or machines or whatever.

It's noted that with new 2000×2000 cameras coming on stream, it may onlybe necessary to look at every 15^(th) or 20^(th) pixel in each directionto get an adequate feel for target location. This means every 200^(th)to 400^(th) pixel, not enough to cause image rendition difficulties evenif totally dark grey (as it might be in a normal white light image ifset up for IR wavelengths only).

FIG. 2C

Another method for finding the target in the first place with limitedpixel interrogation is to look at pixels near a home point where aperson for example indicates that the target is. This could be forexample, placing ones fingernail such as 270, whose natural orartificial (e.g., reflective nail polish) features are readily seen bythe camera 275 and determined to be in the right corner of a pad 271 inFIG. 2C which approximately covers the field of view 274 of the camera275. The computer 220 analyzes the pixels in the right corner 278 of theimage field 279 representing the pad portion 271 with the camera 275,either continuously, or only when the finger for example hits a switchsuch as 280 at the edge of the pad, or on command (e.g., by the userpushing a button or key, or a voice message inputted via microphone 285for example). After such acquisition, the target is then tracked toother locations in xy space of the pad, for example as described above.Its noted that it helps to provide a beep or other sound or indicationwhen acquisition has been made.

Pick Windows in Real Time

Another aspect of the invention is that one can also pick the area ofthe image to interrogate at any desired moment. This can be done bycreating a window of pixels with in the field to generate information,for example as discussed relative to a specific car dashboardapplication of FIG. 10.

FIG. 2D-Scan Pattern

A pixel addressing camera also allows a computer such as 220 to causescans to be generated which are not typical raster scans. For examplecircular or radial, or even odd shapes as desired. This can be done byproviding from the computer the sequential addresses of the successivepixels on the camera chip whose detected voltages are to be queried.

A circular scan of pixels addressed at high speed can be used toidentify when and where a target enters a field enclosed by the circularpixel scan. This is highly useful, and after that, the approximatelocation of the target can be determined by further scans of pixels inthe target region.

For example consider addressing the pixels c1 c2 c3 . . . cnrepresenting a circle 282 at the outer perimeter of the array, 285, of1000×1000 elements such as discussed above. The number of pixels in afull circle is approximately 1000 pi, which can be scanned even with USB(universal serial bus) limits at 300 times per second or better. Fortargets of 1/100 field in width, this means that a target image enteringthe field such as circular target image 289 (which is shown intersectingelement cm and its neighbors) would have to travel 1/100 the field widthin 0.0033 seconds to be totally missed in a worst case. If the imagefield corresponds to 20 inches in object field width this is 0.2inches×300/sec or 60 inches/second, very fast for human movement, andnot likely to be exceeded even where smaller targets are used.

Alternative shapes to circular “trip wire” perimeters may be used, suchas squares, zig-zag, or other layouts of pixels to determine targetpresence. Once determined, a group of pixels such as group 292 can beinterrogated to get a better determination of target location.

FIG. 3

Since many applications of the invention concern, or at least havepresent a human caused motion, or motion of a part of a human, or anobject moved by a human, the identification and tracking problem can besimplified if the features of interest, either natural or artificial ofthe object provide some kind of change in appearance during such motion.

FIG. 3 illustrates tracking embodiments of the invention using intensityvariation to identify and/or track object target datums. In a simplecase, a subtraction of successive images can aid in identifying zones inan image having movement of features as is well known. It is also usefulto add pixel intensities of successive images in computer 220 forexample. This is particular true with bright targets (with respect totheir usual surroundings) such as LEDs or retro-reflectors. If thepixels in use by the camera are able to gather light preferentially atthe same time a special illumination light is on, this will accentuatethe target with respect to background. And if successive frames aretaken in this way, not only will a stationary image of the specialtarget build up, but if movement takes place the target image then willblur in a particular direction which itself can become identify-able.And the blur direction indicates direction of motion as well, at leastin the 2-D plane of the pixel array used.

Another form of movement can take place artificially, where the targetis purposely moved to provide an indication of its presence. Thismovement can be done by a human easily by just dithering ones finger forexample (if a portion of the finger such as the tip is the target inquestion), or by vibrating an object having target features of intereston it, for example by moving the object up and down with ones hand.

For example consider FIG. 3A, where a human 301 moves his finger 302 ina rapid up and down motion, creating different image positionssequentially in time of bright target ring 320, 320′ on his finger, asseen by camera 325. If the camera can read quickly enough each of thesepositions such as 326 and 327 in image field 328 can be resolved, otherwise a blur image such as 330 is registered on the camera and recordedin the computer 335.

Instead of using ones finger, it is also possible to create movement ofa target for example with a tuning fork or other mechanism mechanicallyenergizing the target movement, on what otherwise might be a staticobject say. And it is possible for the human, or a computer controllingthe movement in question to create it in such a manner that it aidsidentification. For example, a certain number of moves of ones finger(e.g., 4), or 2 moves/sec of ones finger, or horizontal moves of onesfinger etc., any or all of these could indicate to the computer uponanalysis of the camera image, that a target was present.

The invention comprehends this as a method for acquiring the datum to betracked in the first place, and has provided a camera mechanism fortracking fast enough not to lose the data, assuming a sufficientlydistinct feature. For example, it is desirable to not requiresophisticated image processing routines and the like if possible, toavoid the time it takes to execute same with affordable equipment. Andyet in many scenes, finding a target cant be done easily today withoutsome aid, either a high contrast target (contrasting brightness or coloror both, for example). Or the aid can be movement as noted, which allowsthe search for the target to be at least localized to a small region ofthe field of view, and thence take much less time to run, even if asophisticated algorithm is employed.

FIG. 3B illustrates an embodiment wherein a target which blinksoptically is used. The simplest case is a modulated LED target such 340on object 341 shown. Successive frames taken with camera 345 looking atpixel window 346 at 300 scans of the pixels within the window per secondwhere the image 347 of the LED target is located, can determine, usingcomputer 349 (which may be separate from, or incorporated with the imagesensor), 5 complete blinks of target 340, if blinked at a 60 hz rate.Both blink frequency, blink spacing, blink pulse length can all bedetermined if the scan rate is sufficiently faster than the blink rate,or pulse time.

It should be noted that if the target 340 is a retro-reflector as inFIG. 1, with an illumination source such as 355 near the axis of thecamera, then the LEDs (or other sources) of the illuminator can bemodulated, causing the same effect on the target.

Somewhat more sophisticated is the situation shown in FIG. 3C where atarget 380 (on object 360) illuminated by a light source 365 provides atime variant intensity change in the camera image 368 obtained by camera370 as the target moves its position and that of the image. This can beachieved naturally by certain patterns of material such as herringbone,or by multifaceted reflectors such as cut diamonds (genuine or glass),which “twinkle” as the object moves. A relative high frequency “twinkle”in the image indicates then the presence of the target in that area ofthe image in which it is found.

When analog sensors such as PSD (position sensing diode) sensor 369described in a copending application is used in addition to, or insteadof a matrix array in camera 370, the variation in light intensity ortwinkle can be obtained directly from the detected output voltage fromthe signal conditioning of the sensor as shown in trace 375corresponding to the movement of diamond target 380 a distance in thecamera field. From the PSD one can also determine the position of thedetected target image, theoretically at least independent of theintensity fluctuation.

For digital array detectors, the intensity variation can also bedetected by subtracting images and observing the difference due to suchvariation. Such images need to be taken frequently if the twinklefrequency is high, and this can cause problems unless high speed camerascanning is possible. For example, in a twinkle mode, a pixeladdressable camera using the invention herein could scan every 5^(th)pixel in both x and y. This would allow a 1000 frame per secondoperation of a camera which would normally go 40 frames per second. Sucha rate should be able to capture most twinkle effects with theassumption that the light field changes on more than 25 pixels. If less,then scan density would need to be increased to every 3^(rd) pixel say,with a corresponding reduction in twinkle frequency detectionobtainable.

FIG. 4

FIG. 4A illustrates identification and tracking embodiments of theinvention using color and color change in a manner similar in someaspects to the intensity variation from object datums described above.

Color can be used as has been noted previously to identify a target, ascan a change in color with time. For example, a target can change itscolor in order to identify itself to successive interrogations of pixelson a color TV camera. This can be accomplished by having aretro-reflector which is illuminated in succession by light fromdifferent colored LEDs for example, in the arrangement of FIG. 1. Forexample red led 401 illuminates retro reflector target 405 on object 406during frame 1 (or partial frame, if not all pixels addressed) taken bycamera 410. Then yellow led 402 illuminates target 405 on the nextframe, and so forth. For any reading of successive frames, one point inthe image will appear to distinctly change color, while all other pointswill be more or less the same due to the room lighting overwhelming theled source illumination and the natural color rendition of the objectsthemselves.

To return color variation when moved, one can employ a target whichchanges color naturally as it moves, even with illumination of constantcolor. Such a target can contain a diffractive, refractive, orinterference based element, for example, a reflective diffractiongrating for example, which splits white light illumination into colors,which are seen differently as the target moves and changes angle withrespect to the observer and/or illumination source.

For example, consider FIG. 4B showing reflective grating 440 on object445 at initial position P. When illuminated by white light for examplefrom lamp 450, it reflects the spectrum such that when the object hasmoved to a new position P′ the color (or colors, depending on thegrating type, and angles involved) returning to camera 460 is changed.Such gratings can be purchased from Edmund Scientific company, and aretypically made as replicas of ruled or holographic gratings.

Some types of natural features which change color are forms of jewelrywhich have different colored facets pointing in different directions.Also some clothes look different under illumination from differentangles. This could be called then “color twinkle”.

FIG. 5

FIG. 5 illustrates special camera designs for determining targetposition in addition to providing normal color images. As was pointedout in a co-pending application, it may be desirable to have two cameraslooking at an object or area one for producing images of a person orscene, the other for feature location and tracking. These may bebore-sighted together using beam splitters or the like to look at thesame field, or they may just have largely overlapping image fields. Thereason this is desirable is to allow one to obtain images of activity inthe field of view (e.g., a human playing a game) while at the same timeideally determine information concerning position or other aspects offeatures on the human or objects associated with him.

It is now of interest to consider a matrix array chip equipped with aspecial color filter on its face which passes a special wavelength incertain pixel regions, in addition to providing normal color renditionvia RGB or other filtering techniques in the remaining regions. The chipcould be pixel addressable, but does not have to be.

Version FIG. 5A

One version would have one special pixel filter such as 505, for eachsquare group of 4 pixels in an array 500 (one special pixel filter 505,and 3 pixels, 510-512 filtered for RGB (red green blue) or similar, asis commonly used now for example. In one functional example, the specialpixel 505 is purposely not read during creation of the normal image of ascene, but rather read only on alternate frames (or as desired) todetermine target locations. If the array can be addressed pixel wise,the actual time lost doing this can be low. Since 25% of the pixels areeffectively dead in forming the image in this example, and assuming allpixels are of equal area (not necessarily required), then 25% of theimage needs to be filled in. This can be done advantageously in theimage displayed, by making the color and intensity of this pixel thesame as the resultant color and average intensity value of the other 3in the cluster.

Version FIG. 5B

In this version, related to FIG. 2 above, and shown in FIG. 5 b,isolated pixels such as 530 (exaggerated in size for clarity) on array531 or clusters of pixels such as 540-543, are used to rapidly find atarget with low resolution, such as round dot target image 550. Thesepixels can ideally have special filters on their face, for examplehaving near IR bandpass filters (of a wavelength which can still be seenby the camera, typically up to 1 um wavelength max). If takes only a fewpixels to see the rough presence of a target, then in an image field of1000×1000 pixels there could be one or more target images occupying10×10 pixels or more. Thus in any group of 10×10, you could have 5 nearIR filtered receptive pixels say, i.e., only 5% of the total pixel countbut sufficient to see the IR targets location to a modest accuracy. Oncefound, one can also use the “normal” pixels on which the target imagealso falls to aid in more precise determination of its location, forexample using pixel group 555 composed of numerous pixels.

In short by having a camera with certain pixels responsive to selectedwavelengths and/or scanned separately one can very rapidly scan fortarget features, then when found, take a regular picture if desired. Orjust take regular pictures, until the necessity arises to determinetarget location.

Similarly the special filtered pixels such as 505 or 530 could be laserwavelength bandpass filtered for this purpose, used by the array forpreferentially detecting laser light projected on an object (whileignoring other wavelengths). In a normal image, such a pixel would benearly black as little white light passes (except that centered on thelaser wavelength). To provide a normal picture using such a camera, thespecial IR or laser wavelengths pixels readings would be filed in withvalues and colors of light from the surrounding regions.

Such a laser wavelength filter can be extremely effective, even if arelatively weak laser is used to illuminate a large area, especiallywhere retro-reflectors are used, and the light returned is concentratedby 1000 times or more.

FIG. 6

The embodiments above have dealt with finding just one target, andgenerally with just one camera, even though two or more cameras may beused for stereo imaging. Where stereo pairs of cameras are used, clearlyeach camera must see the target, if range via image disparity (the shiftin location of a feature in the image in two camera views separated by abaseline) is to be determined.

Using the invention, one camera can be considered a master, the other aslave. The master camera determines target location by any of the meansdescribed above. Then the slave need only look at the expected pixellocation of the target assuming some a priori knowledge of range whichcan come from previous target readings, or known range zones where thetarget has to lie in a given application.

Consider cameras 600 (master) with lens 603 and 601 (slave) having lens604, the axes of the two cameras separated by baseline 602 and withinterfaced to computer 605. The image of target 610 on object 615 isformed at position 620 on array 630 of camera 600, and at position 621on array 631 of camera 601. The difference in position x in thedirection of the baseline, in this simple situation is directlyproportional to range z. The knowledge then of target image position 620found by interrogating some or all of the pixels of camera 600 can asmentioned be used to more rapidly find image 621 in the image field ofthe “slave” camera 601, and thus the z location of the target 610.

For example if range is known to be an approximate value of z, one canlook in the image field of the camera 601 along a line of points at acalculated value x away from the edge of the field, assuming 620 hasbeen found to lie as shown near the corresponding edge of the field ofcamera 600.

Two or more cameras may be used for stereo image analysis includingobject range and orientation data as discussed in FIGS. 1 and 6. Rangecan also be determined via triangulation with a single camera and onetarget if projected on to the object in question at an angle to thecamera axis from a laser say, or by using a single camera and 3 or morepoints on an object whose relative relationship is known (including thecase of a line of points and an external point).

FIG. 7

As stated above, the TV camera of the invention can be used to seeeither natural or artificial features of objects. The former are justthe object features, not those provided on the object especially for thepurpose of enhancing the ability to determine the object location orother variable using computer analysis of TV camera images. Such naturalfeatures, as has been pointed out in many of the co-pending referencedapplications, can be holes, corners, edges, indentations, protrusions,and the like of fingers, heads, objects held in the hand, or whatever.

But using simple inexpensive equipment it is often hard to determine thepresence or location of such features in a rapid reliable enough mannerto insure function of the application in question. In this case, one canemploy one or more artificial features, provided on the object byattaching a artificial target onto the object, or manufacturing theobject with such a target.

At least three types of artificial features can be employed.

-   1. The first is to provide special features required for object    location, or orientation determination. Such a special feature can    be of an optically contrasting material at the wavelength used to    that of the object, for example a bright color, or a retroreflector;-   2. The second is to provide one artificial feature (typically    capable of more easily being found in an image than natural features    of the object), and by finding it, localize to the region of that    target environs the problem of finding any other features needed    nearby; and-   3. The third is to find an artificial feature on an object that    actually by its shape, location, or coded features, provides a guide    to the location of natural or other artificial features which are to    be sensed in order to determine position or orientation of the same    or related objects. This has been dubbed by me a co-target in    co-pending applications incorporated by reference.

As shown in FIG. 7, object 700 has co-target 701 at one end, visible tocamera 705. The co-target in this particular instance is a diamondshape, and is of high contrast for easy acquisition. For example itcould be a yellow plastic retro-reflector formed of molded corner cubessimilar to those used on cars for taillights and other safety purposes.

The diamond shape in this case is significant for two reasons. First itis unusual relative to the object or background when used in the contextintended, and makes the target still more identifiable (that is novelcolor, shape and brightness are all present). In addition, in thisparticular instance it has been chosen that a diamond shape, shouldindicate that the corners of the object are to be used for 6 axisposition and orientation determination and that the choice of color forexample, signifies that the object corners are within some predetermineddistance from the target. If desired the target location on the objectcan also point to the corners. For example, in the drawing, the fourcorners of the diamond, 720-723, point in the general direction of thefour corners 730-733 of the rectangular object 700.

FIG. 8

The invention herein and disclosed in portions of other copendingapplications noted above, comprehends a combination of one or more TVcameras (or other suitable electro-optical sensors) and a computer toprovide various position and orientation related functions of use. Italso comprehends the combination of these functions with the basic taskof generating, storing and/or transmitting a TV image of the sceneacquired either in two or three dimensions.

FIG. 8A illustrates control of functions with the invention, using ahandheld device which itself has functions (for example, a cell phone).The purpose is to add functionality to the device, without complicatingits base function, and/or alternatively add a method to interact withthe device to achieve other purposes.

The basic idea here is that a device which one holds in ones hand foruse in its own right, can also be used with the invention herein toperform a control function by determining its position, orientation,pointing direction or other variable with respect to one or moreexternal objects, using an optical sensing apparatus such as a TV cameralocated externally to sense the handheld device, or with a cameralocated in the handheld device, to sense datums or other informationexternal for example to the device.

This can have important safety and convenience aspects to it,particularly when the device is used while driving a car or operatingother machinery. To date voice recognition has been the only alternativeto keying data in to small handheld devices, and voice is limited inmany cases very limited if some physical movement is desired of thething being communicated with.

A cellular phone 800 held in the hand of a user can be used to alsosignal functions in a car using a projected laser spot from built inlaser spot projector 801 as in FIG. 14, in this case detected bydetector 802 on the dashboard 803. Alternatively and or in conjunction,one may use features such as round dot targets 805-807 on the cell phonewhich are sensed, for example, by a TV camera 815 located in the carheadliner 816 or alternatively for example in the dashboard (in thiscase the targets would be on the opposite end of the cell phone). Morethan one set of targets can be used, indeed for most generality, theywould be an all sides which point in any direction where a camera couldbe located to look at them.

Remote control units and dictating units are also everyday examples ofsome devices of this type which can serve control purposes according tothe invention. One of the advantages here is that it keeps the number ofswitches etc on the device proper to a minimum, while allowing amultitude of added functions, also in noisy environments where voicerecognition could be difficult or undesirable for other reasons.

Use of specialized target datums or natural features of devices held inthe hand, or used with cameras on such devices, allows photogrammetrictechniques such as described in FIG. 1 to be used to determine thelocation in 6 degrees of freedom of the device with respect to externalobjects.

As one illustrative example, to signal a fax unit 824 in the car toprint data coming through on the phone, the user just points (asillustrated in position 2) the cell phone toward the fax, and the TVcamera 815 scans the images of targets 805-807 on the face toward thecamera, and the computer 830 connected to the camera analyzes the targetimages (including successive images if motion in a direction for exampleis used as an indicator, rather than pointing angle for example),determines the cell phone position and/or orientation or motion andcommands the fax to print if such is signaled by the cell phone positionorientation or motion chosen. The knowledge in space of the cell phonelocation and its pointing direction (and motion as pointed out above)provides information as to the fact that the fax was the intended targetof the effort. Such data can be taught to the system, after the facteven if the fax or any other item desired to be controlled is addedlater.

Another version has a camera and requisite computer (and or transmissioncapability to an external computer) in the handheld device, such as acell phone or whatever. When pointed at an object, the camera canacquire the image of the object and/or any natural features or specialdatums on the object which are needed to perform the function desired.

One function is just to acquire an image for transmission via forexample the cell phones own connection. This is illustrated in FIG. 8B,where an image of object 849 acquired by camera 850 of cell phone 851held by user 852 is transmitted over mobile phone link 853 to a remotelocation and displayed, for example. While this image can be of theuser, or someone or something of interest, for example a house, if areal estate agent is making the call, it is also possible to acquirefeatures of an object and use it to determine something.

For example, one purpose is recognition, for example one can point atthe object, and let the computer recognize what it is from its TV image.Or point around in space taking multiple TV frames aiming in differentdirections, and when computer recognition of a desired object in one ofthe images takes place, transmit certain data to the object. Or it canbe used to acquire and transmit to remote locations, only that data fromrecognized objects.

Thus the invention can provided on a hand held object for a variety ofpurposes,

To take images of things;

To determine datums on things; and

To automatically read things.

The combination of any or all of these functions in addition with otherobject functions such as hand held cell phones, dictation units,telephones, wearable computer devices and the like.

An alternative, shown with phantom lines in FIG. 8A, to the some aspectsof the above described operation of the embodiment is to use a laserpointer 801 in for example a cell phone to designate say the fax machineas shown. Then the TV camera 815 simply detects the presence of thelaser pointer projected spot 820 on the fax, and via computer memory itis known that this is a device to be energized or connected inconnection with the cell phone.

The camera located in a handheld device can also be used to point at aTV screen, such as that on the dashboard of a car, and to utilize datapresented there for some purpose. For example, if pointed at a screensaying email message number 5, the camera of the device can be used toobtain this image, recognize it through known character recognitiontechniques, and process it for transmission if desired. Or it might justsay the message to the user of the phone through the speaker of the cellphone. Such a technique is not required if means exist to directlytransmit the incoming information to the cell phone, but this may not bepossible.

FIG. 9

FIG. 9 illustrates pointing at a displayed image of an objectrepresented on a screen using a finger or laser pointer, and thenmanipulating the represented object or a portion thereof using theinvention. For example, consider user 901 pointing a laser pointer 905at an image generated by computer 910 on display 912, typically a largescreen display (e.g., 5 feet diagonal or more) where control featureshere disclosed are of most value.

The user with the pointer, can point to an image or portion of thedisplayed image to be controlled, and then using the action of thepointer move the controlling portion of the image, for example a“virtual” slider control 930 projected on the screen whose lever 935 canbe moved from left to right, to allow computer 910 sensing the image(for example by virtue of TV camera 940 looking at the screen asdisclosed in copending applications) to make the appropriate change, forexample in the heat in a room.

Alternatively one can also point at the object using ones fingers andusing other aspects of the invention sense the motions of ones fingerswith respect to the virtually displayed images on the screen, such asturning of a knob, moving of a slider, throwing a switch etc.

Such controls are not totally physical, as you don't feel the knob, soto speak. But they are not totally virtual either, as you turn it orother wise actuate the control just as if it was physical. For maximumeffect, the computer should update the display as you make the move, sothat you at least get visual feedback of the knob turning. You couldalso get an appropriate sound if desired, for example from speaker 950,like an increase in pitch of the sound as the knob is “moved” clockwise.

FIG. 10

The above control aspects can in some forms be used in a car as welleven with a small display, or in some cases without the display.

Or it can be a real knob which is sensed, for example by determiningposition of a target on a steering wheel or the fingers turning ittracked (as disclosed in co-pending application references).

For example, consider car steering wheel rim 1000 in FIG. 10A. Inparticular, consider hinged targeted switch, 1010 (likely in a clusterof several switches) on or near the top of the wheel, when the car ispointed straight ahead, and actuated by the thumb of the driver 1011. Acamera 1020 located in the headliner 1025, and read out by microcomputer1025 senses representative target 1030 on switch 1010, when the switchis moved to an up position exposing the target to the camera (or onecould cover the target with ones fingers, and when you take a fingeroff, it is exposed, or conversely one can cover the target to actuatethe action).

The camera senses that target 1010 is desired to be signaled andaccordingly computer 1025 assures this function, such as turning on theradio. As long as the switch stays in the position, the radio is on.However other forms of control can be used where the switch and targetsnap back to an original position, and the next actuation, turns theradio off. And too, the time the switch is actuated can indicate afunction, such as increasing the volume of the radio until one lets offthe switch, and the target is sensed to have swung back to its originalposition and the increase in volume thus terminated.

In operating the invention in this manner, one can see position,velocity, orientation, excursion, or any other attribute of actuationdesired. Because of the very low cost involved in incremental additionsof functions, all kinds of things not normally sensed can beeconomically provided. For example the position of a datum 1040 onmanually or alternatively automatically movable plastic air outlet 1041in the dashboard 1042 can be sensed, indicative of the direction ofairflow. The computer 1025 can combine this with other data concerningdriver or passenger wishes, other outlets, air temperature and the like,to perfect control of the ambiance of the car interior.

It is also noted that the same TV camera used to sense switch positions,wheel position, duct position, seat position (for example using datum1045), head rest position (for example using datum 1046), and a varietyof other aspects of physical positions or motions of both the carcontrols and the driver or passengers. And it can do this without wiresor other complicating devices such as rotary encoders which otherwiseadd to the service complexity and cost.

When the camera is located as shown, it can also see other things ofinterest on the dashboard and indeed the human driver himself, forexample his head 1048. This latter aspect has significance in that itcan be used to determine numerous aspects such as:

-   1. The identity of the driver. For example, if a certain band of    height isn't reached, such as point P on the drivers head, the    ignition can be interlocked. Much simpler than face recognition, but    effective if properly interlocked to prevent repeated retries in a    short time period.-   2. The position of the head of the driver in case of an accident. As    detailed in reference 4, a camera or cameras can be used to    determine head location, and indeed location of the upper torso if    the field of view is large enough. This information can be used to    control airbag deployment, or head rest position prior to or during    an accident (noting too that headrest position can also be monitored    without adding any hardware). Particularly of interest is that the    pixel addressing camera of the invention can have the frequency    response to be useful in a crash, sensing the movement of the person    (particularly severe if unrestrained) within a millisecond or two,    and providing a measure of the position for airbag deployment.    Additional cameras may also be used to aid the determination, by    providing other views or observing other features, for example.

Using a pixel addressing camera for camera 1020 confers additionaladvantages. For example consider the image of the car interior producedby the camera lens 1021, on matrix of pixels 1061, whose addressing andprocessing is controlled by computer 1025. In the first instance one canconfine the window of view of a certain group of pixels of the totalmatrix 1061 to be only in the region of the steering wheel, as in window1065 shown. This allows much faster readout of the more limited numberof pixels, and thus of the steering wheel switches, at the expense ofnot seeing anywhere else in that particular reading. But this may bedesirable in some cases, since it may only be required to scan forheater controls or seat positions, every 10 seconds say, while scanningfor other more immediate items a hundred times per second or more. Agood example are safety related functions. 5 per second might sufficefor seeing where the turn signal or windshield washer control was, as anexample. Window 1066 dotted lines is illustrative of a windowspecialized for head, headrest and seat positions, say.

Scans in certain areas of the image can also depend on informationobtained. For example one may initiate a scan of a control position,based on the increasing or decreasing frequency of an event occurrence.For example if the persons head is in a different location for asignificant number of scans made at 15 second intervals for example,then in case of a crash, this data could be considered unreliable. Thusthe camera window corresponding to pixels in the zone of the headlocation 1048 could be scanned more frequently henceforward, eitheruntil the car stopped, or until such action settled down for example.Such action is often the case of a person listening to rock music, forexample.

Similarly, if someone is detected operating the heater controls, a scanof predominately heater function controls and related zones like airoutlets can be initiated. Thus while normal polling of heater controlsmight be every 2 seconds say, once action is detected, polling canincrease in the window(s) in question to 40 times per second forexample. The detection of action can be made first via the camera, orvia input from some other input device such as a convention heater knoband electric circuit operable therewith.

Scans in certain areas of the image can also depend on informationobtained in other areas of scan, or be initiated by other controlactions or by voice. For example, if hard de-acceleration was detectedby an accelerometer, but before a crash occurred, the camera couldimmediately be commanded to begin scanning as fast as possible in theregion of the image occupied by the driver and/or any other humans inits field of view. This would be for the purpose of monitoring movementsin a crash, if a crash came, in order to deploy an airbag for example.

One might utilize the invention to actuate a function, based onpositions of people or other objects in the vehicle. As one example,suppose the drivers hand is resting on a console mounted gear lever. Byscanning the image of this region, one can determine from the image theposition of the console shift lever, and use the image thereof tocontrol gear change via computer 1025. However if the driver rests hishands on the windshield wiper stalk, it could in the same manner, becomea column mounted gear lever so to speak. Or just be used for up downgear changes, like a paddle shifter on a racing car. In fact in thelatter sense, the camera could be instructed to detect ones finger orhand movement to do this function for example, wherever one desired torest ones hand (within the camera field of view at least). This functionis also useful for physically disabled persons wishing to drive the car.And it can be different for different persons as well, via programmingof the control functions associated with any given hand, switch or otherposition or movement.

FIG. 10B illustrates alternative types of control mechanisms which canbe used with the invention, in this case illustrated on the steeringwheel of a car, although as can be appreciated, any suitable function orlocation may be used or created. And too, combinations of functions canbe used. The invention is generic to car steering wheel controls,dishwashers, audio systems in ones home, heating and air conditioningelements and virtually all other forms of human related controlfunctions. The key is that the camera computer combination makes a veryinexpensive way to share a wide variety of functions with one or just afew basic systems and over a large population base.

As shown in FIG. 10B, the steering wheel 1070 has two additional typesof controls visible to camera 1020 and able to be sensed and generatethe appropriate control function via computer. These are rotating device1072 built to rotate around the steering wheel rim circular crosssection, and expose a continuously variable, or digital or step wiseincrement component to the camera. For example, three bars are shown,short 1075, medium 1076, and long 1077. The computer senses which of thethree is visible by comparing the length to pre-stored values (or taughtvalues, see below), and causes the desired action to occur.

The second control 1080 is a sliding device 1081 which can be slidclockwise, or counterclockwise along a circumferential section of thesteering wheel at the top, sides or where-ever. As before, Its positionis determined by camera 1020 again providing more data than just aswitch up or down as shown before.

While illustrated on the steering wheel where it is readily at hand, itcan be appreciated that the position of either the slider 1081 or therotary device 1072, or other similar devices for the purpose at handcould be elsewhere than the wheel, for example on stalk or on a piece ofthe dash, or other interior component indeed wherever a camera of theinvention can view them without excessive obscuration by persons orthings in the car. It need not be on a car either, controls of this typecan be in the home or elsewhere. Indeed a viewable control datum caneven be on a portable component such as ones key chain, phone, orarticle of clothing apparel, or whatever. Similarly the camera 1020 canview these items for other purposes as well.

The teach-ability of the invention is achieved by showing the camera thecode marker in question (e.g., a short bar located on the wheel), and inthe computer recording this data along with what it is supposed tosignify as a control function for example, turn rear wiper on to firstsetting. This added functionality of being easily changed aftermanufacture is an important advantage in some cases, as for example,today after-market addition of wired in accessories is difficult.

Games Using the Invention

The co-pending referenced applications have described games which can beplayed with target sensing and touch screen based devices, typically butnot necessarily, electro-optically based (e.g., TV camera). The camerasof the invention can be used to, for example: Sense the player orplayers in the game or portions thereof; sense objects held ormanipulated by the players (e.g., a ball, a pistol); sense physicaltokens used in the game, such as monopoly game tokens; and sense gameaccessories such as checkerboards, croquet wickets; compare positions ofobjects with respect to other objects or players.

In addition, the cameras can be used to take images which can bedisplayed also a major feature given the ability to create life sizedisplays. And the computer of the invention can be used to control thepresentation of background image data from stored images, or even imagesdownloaded from the internet for example.

Some or all of these aspects will now be illustrated in somerepresentative game illustrations (again noting that some more are inthe co-pending applications).

FIG. 11 Board Game

Even today, popular board games such as Monopoly and the like are beingprovided in computer playable form, with the “board” represented on thescreen of the computer monitor. The invention here builds on this byproviding various added features which allow a physical nature of thegame just as the real game, but with new aspects and providing physicalgame play which can be transmitted over the internet to others. Thesefeatures also can be turned off or on at as desired.

In one version shown in FIG. 11A, the player tokens such as 1101 and1102 are observed by camera of the invention 1110 placed directlyoverhead of the play board 1115, which can for example be a traditionalmonopoly board (chess board, checker board, etc). points on the boardsuch as corners 1130, 1131, 1132, and 1133 can also be observed toestablish a reference coordinate system for the computer 1140 to trackthe moves of the markers, either from their natural features, or fromspecialized datums thereon (e.g., retro-reflective hat top 1141 onmarker 1101). For example a train shape 1102 of a marker can be calledfrom memory, or taught to the computer by showing it to the camera.Rotation invariant image analysis programs such as the PATMAX programfrom Cognex company can be used to identify the marker in any normalorientation, together with its location on the board (the board itselfcan be taught to the computer using the camera, but is preferably calledup from memory).

The board position and relative scale in the field of view is determinedeasily by knowing the spacing of the corner points 1130-1133 and usingthis to calibrate the camera (to provide extra contrast, the corners canhave retro-reflective glass bead edging or beading as shown). Forexample if the points are spaced 20 inch on corners of the board, andthe camera is positioned so that 20 inches occupies 80% of its field ofview, then the field of view is 25 inches square (for a square matrix ofcamera pixels), and each pixel of 1000 pixels square, occupies 0.025inches in the object field.

The play of both players (and others as desired) can be displayed on themonitor 1150, along with an image of the board (which also can be calledfrom computer memory). But other displays can be provided as well. Forexample to lend more realism to the game, the display (and if desiredsound from speaker 1155 connected to computer 1140) can also beprogrammed to show an image or sound that corresponds to the game. Forexample, when the camera image has provided information that one playerhas landed on “Boardwalk” (the most valuable property) a big buildingcould be caused to be shown on the screen, corresponding to it alsosuitable sounds like wow or something provided).

The camera can be used to see monopoly money (or other game accessories)as well, and to provide input so the computer can count it or dowhatever.

A large, wall sized for example, screen can add added realism, byallowing one to actually get the feeling of being inside the propertypurchased, for example.

One of the exciting aspects of this game is that it can be used to turnan existing board game into something different. For example, in theoriginal monopoly the streets are named after those in Atlantic City. Byusing the computer, and say a DVD disc such as 1160 stored images of anycity desired can be displayed, together with sounds. For example, onecould land on the Gritti Palace Hotel in Venice, instead of Boardwalk.As shown in FIG. 11B, the TV camera senses the image of train marker1101, and conveys this information to computer 1140, which causes thedisplay 1150 and speaker of the invention to display the informationdesired by the program in use.

Making the game in software in this way, allows one to bring it home toany city desired. This is true of a pure (virtual) computer game aswell, where the board only exists on the computer screen.

For added fun, for example in a small town context, local stores andproperties could be used, together with local images, local personagesappearing on the screen hawking them, and the like. A local bank couldbe displayed to take your money, (even with sounds of the local banker,or their jingle from the radio) etc. This makes the game much more localand interesting for many people. Given the ease of creating such localimagery and sounds with cameras such as digital camcorder 1151 used asan input of display imagery (e.g., from local celebrity 1158) to thegame program, one can make any monopoly experience more interesting andfun at low cost.

The same holds true with other well known games, such as Clue, wherelocal homes could be the mystery solving location, for example. One canalso create games to order, by laying out ones own board. If one of thepersons is remote, their move can be displayed on the screen 1150.

In the above, the display has been treated as sort of backdrop orillustration related. However, one can also create a whole new class ofgames in which the display and/or computer and the board areintertwined. For example as one takes a trip around the monopoly board,several chance related drawings opportunities occur during play. In thisnew game, such could be internet addresses one draws, which, via modem1152, send the board game computer 1140 to any of a large number ofpotential internet sites where new experiences await, and are displayedin sight and sound on the display.

It should also be noted that the board can be displayed on the screen aswell, or alternatively projected on a wall or table (from overhead). Aparticularly neat mixture of new and old is shown in FIG. 11B, where theboard is displayed on a screen pointed vertically upward just as itwould be on a table, and indeed in this case physically resident on atable 1165. The board is displayed (from software images or cad modelsof the board in computer 1166) on a high resolution table top HDTV LCDscreen 1167 with a suitable protective plastic shield (not shown forclarity). Play can proceed just as before using physical tokens such as1101 and 1102. In this case the display used to augment the game canactually be shown on the same screen as the board, if desired.

The TV camera 1110 in this context is used to see the tokens and anyother objects of the game, the people as desired, and the play, asdesired. The camera can be used to see the display screen, but the dataconcerning the board configuration displayed may be best imputed to thecomputer program from direct data used to create the display.

A beauty of the invention is that it allows the interaction of bothcomputer generated images and simulations, with the play using normalobjects, such as one might be accustomed to for example, or which give a“real” feel, or experience to the game.

FIG. 12 Sports Game

FIG. 12 illustrates a generic physical game of the invention usingpoints such as 1201-1205 on the human (or humans) 1210 sensed by a TVcamera such as stereo camera pair 1215 and transmitted to the computerof the invention 1220. While points can be sensed in 2D, thisillustration uses as stereo camera pair located on large screen display1225 as shown to provide a unitary package built into the screen display(pointed out in other co-pending applications). In this particularinstance a 3D display is illustrated, though this isn't necessary toobtain value and a good gaming experience. The human optionally wearsred and green filter glasses 1235 such that red images on the screen aretransmitted to one eye, green to another, so as to provide a 3D effect.Similarly crossed polarized filter glasses (with appropriate display),and any other sort of stereoscopic, or autosteroscopic method can alsobe used, but the one illustrated is simple, requires no connecting wiresto the human, and can be viewed by multiple uses, say in a gym aerobicsroom.

The game is generic, in that it totally depends on the program of thecomputer. For example, it can be an exercise game, in which one walks ona treadmill 1250, but the image displayed on screen 1225 and sound fromspeakers 1255 and 1266 carry one through a Bavarian forest or thestreets of New York as one walks, for example.

Or it can be a parasail game in which one flies over the water nearWakiki beach, with suitable images and sounds. In any case actiondetermined by sensing position, velocity acceleration, or orientation ofpoints 1201-1206 on the player, 1210 is converted by computer 1220 intocommands for the display and sound system. Note in the figure thisplayer is shown viewing the same screen as the treadmill walker. Thishas been shown for illustration purposes, and it is unlikely the samegame could be applied to both, but it is possible.

It is noted that fast sensing, such as provided by the pixel addressingcamera method disclosed above is highly desirable to allow realisticresponses to be generated. This is especially true where velocities oraccelerations need to be calculated from the point position data presentin the image (and in comparison to previous images).

For example, consider points 1201 and 1202 on player 1210. If point 1201moves to 1201 a, and 1202 moves to 1202 a indicative of a quick jerkmovement to turn the displayed parasail, this movement could occur in a0.1 second. But the individual point movements to trace the action wouldhave to be sensed in 0.01 second or quicker for example to evenapproximately determine the acceleration and thus force exerted on theglider, to cause it to move.

It is important to note that the invention is not only generic in so faras the variety of these games are concerned, but it also achieves theabove with virtually no mechanical devices requiring maintenance andcreating reliability problems which can eliminate profits from arcadetype businesses especially with ever more sophistication required of thegames themselves.

FIG. 13 Bar Game

FIG. 13 illustrates a game which is in a class of gesture based games,in which the flirting game of FIG. 15 is also an example. In such gamesone senses the position, velocity or acceleration of a part of a person,or an object associated with the person. This can also include asequence of positions, itself constituting the gesture. The detecteddata is then related to some goal of the contest. Consider FIG. 13,wherein the object in ones hand is monitored using the invention, and ascore or other result is determined based on the position, velocity,orientation or other variable of the object determined. For example, ina bar one can monitor the position, orientation, and rate of changethereof of drinking glasses.

A two person game is illustrated, but any reasonable number can play aslong as the targets can all be tracked sufficiently for the game (in onetest over 200 targets were acquired, but as can be appreciated this usesmost of the field of view of the camera, and thus speed improvementsmade possible by pixel addressing become more difficult.

As shown, a single camera 1301 observes one or more targets such as 1305on glass 1310 held by contestant 1315, and target 1320 on glass 1325 ofcontestant 1330. On a signal, each drinks, and a score is calculated byprogram resident in computer 1350 based on the time taken to raise theglass, and place it back empty on table 1355. A display of the score,and an image desired, for example of the winner (taken with camera 1301or another camera), or a funny image called from computer memory, isdisplayed on monitor display 1370.

If the glass features are sufficiently distinct for reliable and rapidacquisition and tracking, for example as might be provided by an orangecolor, or a distinct shape, then specialized target features are notrequired.

Alternatively the velocity, path of movement of the glass (or otherobject), acceleration, or any other variable from which target data issufficient to calculate, can be used to determine a score or otherinformation to be presented or used.

FIG. 14

The referenced co-pending applications have described a game where bylaser pointers can be used to designate images on a TV screen. In thiscase of FIG. 14A, the TV camera of the invention such as 1410 is used ina two player game to see laser pointer spots such as 1420 and 1421projected by players 1430 and 1431 respectively, using laser pointers1440 and 1441 respectively. When one player's spot hits the other, theevent is recorded in memory of computer 1450 for further analysis anddisplay.

In a somewhat different context, a person can use a laser pointer topoint at an object to designate it for some purpose, for example foraction. For example consider FIG. 14B, in which housewife 1460 whopoints with laser pointer 1462 so as to provide a laser spot 1465 ondishwasher 1470. TV camera of the invention 1475 in corner of thekitchen 1480 picks up all laser spots in an image of the room (madeeasier to process in terms of signal to background imagery if onelocates a laser wavelength band-pass interference filter 1481 in frontof the TV camera as shown) and compares via computer 1483, the locationof the spot detected in the image to stored memory locations of objectssuch as the dishwasher 1470 or fridge 1485 in the camera field of view,so as to identify the object needing action. In this case too, housewifemay signal via a spatially variant laser pointer projection image (seecopending referenced applications for further examples in otherapplications), or a series of spots in time, what action is desired, forexample to turn the washer on. In this case the computer 1483 can causea command to do so to be sent to the washer.

Any one with a simple laser pointer can make these commands effective.No learning is needed just point at the item desired, with the TV cameraand computer of the invention acquiring the data and interpreting it.This is much simpler than remote controls of today, and a majoradvantage for those who have difficulty or inclination to learn complexelectronic devices and procedures. It should be noted that thesepointing procedures can easily be combined with voice recognition tofurther define the desired control activity for example inputting thehousewife's voice in this example by virtue of microphone 1476.

The stored locations can be taught. For example in a setup mode, one canpoint a laser pointer at the dishwasher, and indicate to the computerthat that spot is the dishwasher. The indication can be provided bykeyboard, voice recognition or any other means that is satisfactory.

Clearly other items can be monitored or controlled in this manner. Thecamera can also detect optical indications provided by other means, forexample lights in the appliance itself. And one can detect whether lighthave been left on at night (or not left on) and cause them to be turnedoff or on as desired.

Such a camera if it is responsive to normal illumination as well as thatof the laser wavelength, can also be used to see movements and locationsof people. For example, it can look at the top of the stove, and assurethat no movement is near the stove 1486, or objects on it if programmedto do so, thus sounding an alarm if an infant should get near the stove,for example.

The housewife in the kitchen can also point at a board on whichpreprogrammed actions are represented. For example consider board 1490,shown in greater detail in FIG. 14C, in which 3 squares 1491-1493 are torepresent different functions. Thus if 1491 is programmed (via keyboard,voice or whatever) to represent turning on the clothes dryer in thelaundry, when the TV camera sees, and via the computer, identifies spot1496 projected by the user on square 1491, it causes the dryer to turnon. Operated in this manner, the board 1490, in combination with a TVcamera of the invention (such as 1475 or a more dedicated one for theboard alone) and computer such as 1483 can be considered a form of touchscreen, where the user, in this case in the kitchen can point at aportion of the board with a finger, or a laser pointer, and register achoice, much like touching an icon on a conventional computer touchscreen.

Similarly, squares or other zones representing choices or the like canbe on the item itself. For example, a stove can have four areas on itsfront, which can be pointed at individually for control purposes, whatever they are (e.g., representing heat settings, burner locations or thelike). For security, it could be that only a coded sequence of laserpulses would be seen, or as pointed out in co-pending reference Ser. No.60/133,673, a spatial code, for example representing the user such as aninitial could be projected, and sensed on the object by the TV camera.

The laser pointer can be held in the hand of the user, or, like 1497attached for example to a finger, such as forefinger 1498. Or it can beon or in another object, desirably one which is often hand held in thenormal course of work, such as a TV remote control, a large spoon, orthe like. Or using other aspects of the invention, the finger of theuser can be observed to point directly, and the object being pointed atdetermined. For example if finger 1498 is moved 4 times, it couldindicate to the TV camera and thence computer that channel four wasdesired on a TV display not shown.

If a special pointer is used, it can be any workable optical device, notnecessarily a laser. The camera and computer of the invention can alsobe used to observe the user pointing directly, and compute the pointingvector, as has been described in my co-pending applications.

FIG. 15 A “Flirting” Game

Another game type is where the camera looks at the human, and the humansexpressions are used in the game. In this case it is facial expressions,hand or body gestures that are the thing most used.

For example, one idea is to have a scene in a restaurant displayed on adisplay screen 1500, preferably a large HDTV screen or wall projectionto be as lifelike as possible, and preferably life size as well whichlends extra realism to some games, such as this one due to the humanelement involved.

Let us consider that seated at the table in the restaurant displayed onthe screen is a handsome man 1501 whose picture (likely a 3D renderedanimation, or alternatively photo-imagery called from memory), and thegoal for the girl 1510 playing the game is to flirt with this man untilhe gets up and comes over to say hello, ask her out or what ever (whathe does, could be a function of the score obtained, even!).

Player 1510 seated at table 1511 (for authenticity, for example) isobserved by TV camera 1515 (or stereo pair as desired, depending whether3D information is thought required) and computer of the invention 1520,which through software determines the position of eyebrows, lips, hands,fingers and any other features needed for the game. If necessary,specialized targets can be used as disclosed herein and elsewhere toaugment this discrimination, for example such as optically contrastingnail polish, lipstick, eyeliner or other. Contrast can be in a colorsense, or in a reflectivity sense such as even retro-reflectivematerials such as Scotchlite 7615 by 3M company. Even special targetscan be used to enhance expressions if desired.

This can be a fun type game, as the response of the displayed person canbe all kinds of things even contrary to the actual gestures if desired.Sounds, such as from speaker 1530 can also be added. And voicerecognition of players words sensed by microphone 1550 can also be used,if verbal as well as expressive flirting is used.

While the game here has been illustrated in a popular flirting context,it is more generally described as a gesture based game. It can also bedone with another contestant acting as the other player. And Forexample, the contestants can be spaced by the communication medium ofthe internet. The displayed characters on the screen (of the otherplayer) can be real, or representations whose expressions and movementschange due to sensed data from the player, transmitted in vector orother form to minimize communication bandwidth if desired.

Other games of interest might be:

-   -   “Down on the Farm” in which a farmer with live animals is        displayed on a life size screen, and the children playing the        game are to help the farmer by calling the animals to come over        to them. This would use recognition of voice and gesture to make        the animal images move and make sounds.    -   A player can find someone in a display and point at him, like        the “Whereas Waldo” puzzle game. Then the subject moves, child        runs to peek at him, and to find him, say running down a street        whose image is displayed on the screen.

One can also use the camera of the invention to monitor the progressmade by a child building blocks, and show an Video displayed image of areal skyscraper progressing as he builds his little version. Note thebenefit of group activity like a board game and children's play witheach other.

FIG. 16

FIG. 16 illustrates a version of the pixel addressing camera techniquewherein two lines on either side of a 1000 element square array aredesignated as perimeter fence lines to initiate tracking or otheraction.

Some “pixel addressing” cameras such as the IVP MAPP 2500 512×512element camera, are smart, that is can process on the same chip.However, in some cases the control of such a camera may not allow one toactually read just one pixel, say, but rather one must read the wholeline on which the pixel rests. Now some processing can be in parallelsuch that no speed is lost, at least in many instances.

If however, one does have to read a whole line serially into a computerportion, then to fully see a 10×10 pixel round target say, one wouldhave to read at least 10 lines.

If two targets both were located on the same lines, the time involved toread would be the same.

In the same vein, if lines of data must be scanned, then the approach of2 b wherein every 20^(th) pixel say is interrogated can be specializedto having such pixels fall on scan lines wherever possible. And whereone is restricted to reading all pixels on a scan line and where atarget entry zone is anticipated, one can have a scan line oriented tobe crossed by such entry. For example in FIG. 16, the two lines 1601(line of pixels 3) and 1602 (line of pixels 997) of a 1000×1000 elementpixel array 1610 are designated as perimeter fence lines, to trigger atarget tracking or other function on the entry of a target image on tothe array, such as 1615 from either the right or left side in thedrawing. This is often the case where entry from top or bottom isprecluded by constraints of the application, such as a table top at thebottom, or the height of a person at the top. Or in a stereo examplesuch as FIG. 6, the baseline defines the direction of excursion of atarget as z is varied again calling for crossing of scan lines out ofthe plane of the paper at some point.

The invention herein has provided an exciting method by which commonboard games can become more fun. The invention provides a link with thatpast, as well as all of the benefits of the video and computerrevolution, also via the internet.

It is envisioned that the same approach may be applied to many cardgames as well. It is also thought that the invention will find use increating ones own games, or in downloading from the internet otherscreations. For example, common everyday objects can become the tokens ofthe games, and taught to the game computer by presenting them to thevideo camera. Similarly, the people playing the game can be taught,including their names and interests.

FIG. 17

FIG. 17 illustrates a 3D acoustic imaging embodiment of the inventionwhich at low cost may generate accurate 3D images of the insides ofobjects, when used in conjunction with ultrasonic transducers andparticularly a matrix array of ultrasonic transducers.

As shown in FIG. 17A, the position in xyz of the ultrasonic imaging head1700 on wand 1701 held in a users hand 1702 is monitoredelectro-optically as taught in FIG. 1, using a single camera 1710 and asimple four dot target set 1715 on the head 1700 at the end of thetransducer wand 1701 in contact with the object to be examined 1720.Alternatively, as also taught in FIG. 1, a stereo pair for exampleproviding higher resolution in angle can be employed.

Computer 1725 combines ultrasonic ranging data from the ultrasoundtransducer head 1700 and from the sensor of transducer location (in thiscase performed optically by camera 1710 using the optically visibletargets on the transducer head) in order to create a range image of theinternal body of the object 1720 which is thus referenced accurately inspace to the external coordinate system in the is case represented bythe camera co-ordinates xy in the plane of the TV camera scan, and z inthe optical axis of the camera.

In many cases it is also desirable to know the pointing angles of thetransducer. One instance is where it is not possible to see thetransducer itself due to obscuration, in which case the target mayalternately be located at the end 1704 of the wand for example. Here theposition and orientation of the wand is determined from the target data,and the known length of the wand to the tip is used, with the determinedpointing angle in pitch and yaw (obtained from the foreshortening of thetarget spacings in the camera image field) to calculate the tip positionin space.

This pitch and yaw determination also has another use however, and thatis to determine any adjustments that need to be made in the ultrasonictransduction parameters or to the data obtained, realizing that thedirection of ultrasound propagation from the transducer is also in thepointing direction. And that the variation in ultrasound response may bevery dependent on the relation of this direction 1730 with respect tothe normal 1735 of the surface 1736 of the object (the normal vector isshown for clarity pointing inward to the object).

The difference in direction can be calculated by using the TV camera(which could be a stereo pair for greater angular resolution) as well todetermine the surface normal direction. This can, for example, be doneby placing a target set such as 1740 on the surface in the field of thecamera as shown. This can be dynamically or statically accomplishedusing the photogrammetric method described in the Pinkney references.

Differences in direction between the surface normal and the transducerpointing direction are then utilized by software in the computer 1725 ofthe invention in analysis of the ultrasound signals detected. Thepointing angle and the position of the transducer on the surface of theobject are used by the computer in predicting the location of variousreturns from internal points within the object, using a suitablecoordinate transformation to relate them to the external coordinatereference of the TV camera.

All data, including transducer signals and wand location is fed tocomputer 1725 which then allows the 3D image of the inside of the bodyto be determined as the wand is moved around, by a human, or by a robot.This is really neat as all the images sequentially obtained in thismanner can be combined in the computer to give an accurate 3D picture1745 displayed on monitor 1750.

In one preferred embodiment as shown in FIG. 17C, the transducer head1700 is comprised of a matrix 1755 of 72 individual transducer elementswhich send and receive ultrasound data at for example, 5 MHZ. Thisallows an expanded scan capability, since the sensor can be held steadyat each discrete location xyz on the object surface, and a 3D imageobtained with out movement of the transducer head, by analyzing theoutputs of each of the transducers. Some earlier examples are describedin articles such as: Richard E. Davidsen, 1996 IEEE UltrasonicsSymposium, A Multiplexed Two-Dimensional Array For Real Time Volumetricand B-Mode; Stephen W. Smith, 1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Update On2-D Array Transducers For Medical Ultrasound, 1995.

If the wand is now moved in space, fine scan resolution is obtained, dueto the operation of the individual elements so positioned with out theneed to move the wand in a fine pitch manner to all points needed forspatial resolution of this order. This eases the operators task, ifmanually performed, and makes robotization of such examination mucheasier from a control point of view.

Consider FIG. 17B which illustrates a transducer as just described, alsowith automatic compensation at each point for pointing angle,robotically positioned by robot, 1785 with respect to object 1764. Inthis case a projection technique such as described in U.S. Pat. No.5,854,491 is used to optically determine the attitude of the objectsurface, and the surface normal direction 1760 from the position oftarget set 1765 projected on the surface by diode laser set 1770, andobserved by TV Camera 1775 located typically near the working end of therobot. Differences between the normal direction and the transducerpropagation direction (typically parallel to the housing of thetransducer) is then used by computer 1777 to correct the data of theultrasonic sensor 1780 whose pointing direction in space is knownthrough the joint angle encoders and associated control system 1782 ofrobot 1785 holding the sensor. Alternatively the pointing direction ofthis sensor can be monitored by an external camera such as 1710 of FIG.17A.

It should be noted that the data obtained by TV camera 1775 concerningthe normal to the surface and the surface range from therobot/ultrasonic sensor, can be used advantageously by the controlsystem 1782 to position the robot and sensor with respect to thesurface, in order to provide a fully automatic inspection of object1764. Indeed the camera sensor operating in triangulation can be used toestablish the coordinates of the exterior surface of object 1764 astaught for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,854,491, while at the same time,the acoustic sensor can determine the range to interior points which canbe differentiated by their return signal time or other means. In thismanner, a complete 3D map of the total object, interior and exterior,can be obtained relative to the coordinate system of the Robot, whichcan then be transformed to any coordinate system desired.

The invention has a myriad of applications beyond those specificallydescribed herein. The games possible with the invention in particularare limited only by the imagination.

1. A method for controlling a handheld computing device comprising the steps of: holding said device in one hand; moving at least one finger in space in order to signal a command to said device; electro-optically sensing light reflected from said at least one finger using a sensing means associated with said device; determining from said sensed light the movement of said finger, and using said sensed finger movement information, controlling said device in accordance with said command.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein at least one camera is utilized to effect said electro-optical sensing.
 3. A method according to claim 1, including the further step of acquiring an image of at least a portion of the user of the device.
 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein said movement is sensed in 3 dimensions.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein movement of one finger relative to another finger is sensed.
 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein movement of two fingers is sensed.
 7. Handheld computer apparatus comprising: a housing; a camera means associated with said housing for obtaining an image using reflected light of at least one object positioned by a user operating said device; computer means within said housing for analyzing said image to determine information concerning a position or movement of said object; and means for controlling a function of said apparatus using said information.
 8. Apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said object is a finger.
 9. Apparatus according to claim 7, further including a display function which is controlled.
 10. Apparatus according to claim 9, wherein said display is 3D display.
 11. Apparatus according to claim 7, further including means for transmitting information.
 12. Apparatus according to claim 7, further including a light source for illuminating said object.
 13. Apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said apparatus is a cellular phone.
 14. A method for controlling a handheld computing device comprising the steps of: providing a computer within said device; associating a camera with said device, said camera viewing at least a portion of the body of a user operating said device or an object held by said user, in order provide image data concerning said portion or object; using said computer, analyzing said image data to determine information concerning a users input command; and from said determined information, controlling a function of said device.
 15. A method according to claim 14, wherein reflected light from said body portion or object is imaged by said camera.
 16. A method according to claim 14, wherein said information includes the position of the portion or object.
 17. A method according to claim 14, wherein said information includes the change in position of the portion or object.
 18. A method according to claim 14, wherein said information includes the velocity or path of the portion or object.
 19. A method according to claim 14, wherein said information is obtained in 3 dimensions.
 20. A method according to claim 14, wherein said information includes the pointing direction of the portion or object.
 21. A method according to claim 14, wherein a display is controlled.
 22. A method according to claim 21, wherein a virtual image on said display is moved or changed.
 23. A method according to claim 21, wherein said display is a 3D display.
 24. A method according to claim 23, wherein said display is a stereoscopic display.
 25. A method according to claim 14, including the further step of transmitting data to a further device.
 26. A method according to claim 14, wherein said camera operates at 30 frames per second or greater.
 27. A method according to claim 14, wherein said controlled function relates to a game.
 28. A method according to claim 14, including the further step of acquiring a picture of the user of the handheld device.
 29. A method according to claim 14, wherein two fingers of the user are sensed and a pinching action determined.
 30. A method according to claim 14, wherein said body portion indicates an expression of said user.
 31. A method according to claim 14, wherein said information provides an aid to speech recognition. 